How can biosolids be used or disposed of?

Basically, there are only two options for long term biosolids management:

• Application to land in one form or another, with a range of stabilisation and dewatering/drying options; and
• Incineration (including energy from waste), with disposal of the residue to landfill or land.

Landfill of biosolids is not generally accepted, or will not be accepted in the future, by regulators in Australia and New Zealand. The accepted waste management hierarchy is: avoidance, reuse, recycling, recovery of energy, incineration, containment and disposal (as a last resort).